Argumentation Essay: Facebook Essay

Argumentation Essay: Facebook When a possible employee is in the process of being hired, his or her employment should be based on a social media network such as, Facebook. The main points for this position consists of professional versus social, freedom of speech versus censorship, and a person’s true identity behind closed doors. Facebook is one of various other social networks that are not confidential. Anyone can view a user’s profile and see all of their updates. People use Facebook from sending invitations to guests to campaigning a company party. Facebook is a major part of advertising now. Another large part of Facebook is posting photos. A user of Facebook can add as many photos to their profile as they want to. Facebook has made an immense impact on modern society. All ages, including some of the elderly have Facebook accounts. Small businesses and growing corporations also take part in having an account. Also, colleges and universities sometimes use Facebook to communicate with their students about upcoming events. Employers use several methods before hiring an eligible employee. An employer is looking for someone that is polished inside and out of the professional world. They have every right to look at employee’s Facebook profile. Nothing inappropriate should be posted on an employee’s Facebook profile. Everyone is aware that Facebook is not a private social media website. Posting a status or photo online can be seen by anyone, even an employer. An employer has every right to look through the person’s information. Facebook can be a downfall for numerous opportunities. Although we all have freedom of speech, it can be taken lightly with consequences. Employees can be fired by some of their actions on Facebook. Another consequence is someone not being hired due to their Facebook profile. If an employer does not like the material, they have every right to deny your employment. Especially in this modern society, employers and businesses are looking for the top quality for their company. Top quality employees differentiate from others. They do not retain inappropriate photos or words on a public social media network site. Employers look for people who will represent their business in a classy manner even outside of the business doors. Reputation is everything to some companies. They want their company reputation as high as it can be. A good reputation starts with good employees. An employer has every right to see how a person is in their social environment. A person’s personality and  personal actions cannot be judged just through the professional world. You can tell a person’s true personal traits in their comfortabl e social environment. Facebook is the perfect gateway to see how a person’s characteristics are different in the professional versus the social environment. Not everyone realizes that somebody is always watching you. Whether it is a family member, a close friend, or an employer looking to see if you are eligible for the position. Every individual should be held accountable for what they post on Facebook. Professional conduct should be shown at all times when something is posted on a public website. Keeping a professional conduct is very important to many employers. Some individuals would make a point that everyone has a right to have freedom of speech. Those who agree, feel that it is okay to put inappropriate material on their Facebook page due to their right to free speech. Freedom of speech is a constitutional right. Many people take the right out of context. Those who disagree, feel that censorship should be analyzed. Yes, every individual has a right to speak freely but, is it right to offend someone while practicing it? The answer is no. An individual could simply say they hate their boss on Facebook. All it takes is for that boss, or another employee to see the post. The employee could encounter disciplinary actions in their workplace or even lose their job. All this could be avoided if censorship was practiced. Also, some would say that an employer looking into an applicantâ €™s Facebook would cross the line between social and professional boundaries. Those who agree would point out that applicants should not be judged on their Facebook page. Looking through an applicant’s page is unprofessional and crosses the line. Those who disagree would make the point that it is a professional choice for the employer to do. The employer knows nothing about the applicant other than what they have stated on their resume. An applicant could lie about his or her age, obligations, or even the county they live in. It is only natural to do a check up on the applicant to make sure they look eligible for the position. Think of Facebook as a back ground check. Mostly every employee has to have a back ground check of them before getting a certain position. Facebook is very similar to a back ground check. It indicates a more interpersonal and social side of the person’s life. If an applicant desires a first-class job, they should always take what they put on Facebook in consideration. Although everyone has the freedom to speak  their mind, they need to practice censorship on a social media network site. Also, being professional on Facebook could increase your chances of getting hired. Anyone, especially a future boss could look at any account and choose to accept or decline an applicant’s position

Comapring Porters 5 Forces for the Airline Industry Essay

1. Score each competitive force in the airline industry and provide a brief rationale for your assessment. Â ·Rivalry Among Existing Firms: (High) When one major company in an industry makes a change in costs or services that could potentially increase their clientele, a major competitor almost always follows suit. Price matching is a prime example of that, therefore the threat is high. West Jet is one company that offers flights at a discount and forced Air Canada to create new banners to compete with the discounted prices. All major companies and firms in an industry watch each other’s every move very carefully, and match any move with a countermove. During slow season in the airline industry, a firm can only grow by taking some of another competitor’s market share and customers. When someone has to book a flight, they have to book a flight. Most people these days use the internet to book flights and compare services and prices from rival firms with relative ease. Accessibility and price are the key factors in driving rivalries. The deregulation of the Canadian airline industry in 1984 created a very intense rivalry between two of the biggest airline companies in Canada; namely, Canadian Airlines and Air Canada. Canadian Airlines built its strength in the industry by making a few key acquisitions of companies in Western Canada. Air Canada recently became a publicly traded corporate entity, building capital through public offering. When these two powerhouse companies created a difficult situation, such as the offering of less expensive options and discount flights, they both lost revenue and nearly crippled them financially. Â ·Relative Power of Other Stakeholders: (High) Other stakeholders such as governments have a relatively large amount of power over most national airlines in Canada, because they are partially owned by them. Taxes on flights out of Pearson International Airport are some of the highest in the world and these taxes are regulated by the government. Taxes, policies and regulations are some reasons why the government has power in this industry. They can limit the entry to the industry within the region by restricting access to important things, like raw materials and licensing requirements. In Canada the government has foreign ownership limits in almost all transportation services, and the government always has and always will regulate the airline industry. The Canadian government has used its power in the past by protecting local companies in the industry, such as Air Canada, from companies based in other countries attempting to acquire them. Other regional stakeholders, in particular those in the tourism industry, have some indirect power over the airlines by creating and perpetuating the demand for flights. An example of this is when a tourism organization advertises international destinations and attractions. Marketing initiatives of those organizations are meant to whet the appetite of the consumer, thus increasing the demand for flights to those destinations and, accordingly, the airline industry is then obliged to increase the supply for flights. Â ·Threat of Substitutes: (Medium) In almost every industry the threat of substitutes are apparent. Marketing and R & D are a huge part in minimizing a company’s threat of substitutes. The more the public sees, hears or reads about your company the better. The threat of substitution in the airline industry is inevitable. Substitute products have the potential of creating a strong competitive force when they enhance the value for the customers, especially in the airline industry. Also, substitutes improve the price-performances of each firm within the industry. When booking a flight to a destination close in proximity, people often compare their options. For example, the cost of a return flight to Newark, New Jersey from Toronto may exceed $ 1,500 per person; the same trip via automobile would cost less than $500 for all occupants of the vehicle combined; the trip by train would cost roughly $230; and, by bus the cost would be $125. Therefore, the threat of substitution is a significant factor in the airline industry. However, if a customer has to travel very quickly or a significant distance, that person would most likely choose the flight option instead of a cheaper alternative. Â ·Bargaining Power of Buyers/Distributors: (Medium) Bargaining power is a tricky one because it can work both ways. Buyers have a certain level of power in any industry. A buyer may switch suppliers very easily if there are no penalties and it is cost effective for them. If a large firm makes a large purchase of goods from another firm, it may be mutually beneficial and if serviced well, have the potential for repeat business. However, the buyer then has the power to use a substitute or competitor which would negatively affect the seller. Buyers are always the more powerful of the two because some buyers have the ability to put pressure on lower costs from suppliers, while demanding an increase of the quality of products or services provided to them. Also, the bargaining power in industries with high fixed costs like the airline industry can play a big factor. On the other hand, things like jet engines, tires and other key safety devices on aircrafts can cause severe consequences if this equipment malfunctions. For that reason, the buyer has a reduced amount of bargaining power with suppliers in this industry. The bargaining power of buyers is both high and low, so I ranked it medium. Â ·Bargaining Power of Suppliers: (Medium) Suppliers or sellers do not have a vast amount of power in the Canadian airline industry. Aircraft manufacturing is a highly specialized industry with a limited customer base. If a supplier raises costs or their quality decreases, they have the potential to lose a customer, which may be extremely difficult to replace that lost revenue in such a specialized industry. Compare the market for aircrafts with the market for automobiles: Aircrafts are unique and there are just over 18,000 commercial aircrafts traveling the skies; when the number of automobiles just breached the 1 billion mark a few years ago. Compared to the suppliers in the auto industry who have an increased amount of power, the suppliers in the airline industry don’t have nearly as much. Buyers have only a minimal amount of options in this industry, therefore sellers or suppliers can be more demanding in regards to their prices, scheduling and other key components of the industry. This force is both high and low a s well. Â ·Threat of New Entrants: (Low) The threat of new entrants is low because there is already a large amount of competition on a very big scale. Air Canada is a prime example of an airline company that offers flights and services on a globalized level, which would be hard to match without massive capital. A second reason I believe the threat is low is because of the high cost of breaking into this market, the airline industry is one of the most expensive industries to get into. For example, Boeing’s cheapest commercial aircraft is just less than $80 million costing upwards of $350 million. The aforementioned economic threats and entry barriers are far greater than most potential market entrants would want. The brand name factor is a big one here too, as a consumers selection process has much to do with brand recognition and pricing. Society gets comfortable and used to boarding certain airlines and receiving what they have to offer such as good customer service. The security, health and safety aspect of the industry are very difficult to observe and maintain, as those fields of the industry are subject to harsh regulations which can be tough for a new entrant in this industry to maintain and comply with. 2. Which of these forces are changing? How will this affect the overall level of competitive intensity in the airline industry in the future? Would you invest or look for a job in this industry? What do recent financial results of Canadian airlines indicate about the attractiveness of this industry? Industry evolution is a never ending process, especially in the airline industry. The power of other stakeholders will change in years to come because of the industry growth expected in the next decade and a half. The number of aircrafts is expected to double by the year 2025, which is great evidence that all forces will evolve and change with the business. With the expected growth in the Canadian airline industry all of these forces are due to change and as the industry grows, so does the threat of new entrants as more corporations and firms will see the success of the current ones in the industry and want to break into the industry. With enough capital and a great group or process of st rategic planning and environmental scanning the threat of new entrants grows. The rivalries will become more intense with the globalization of corporations. The high exit barriers will be a big factor for larger corporations as the smaller organizations will have extremely difficult decisions to make on whether or not to opt out of the industry. The threat of acquisitions and company takeovers will increase and larger firms with more capital will have an advantage here, while the smaller firms will stay small without achieving great levels of success through analyzing and strategic planning. Therefore, the competition and rivalry will increase immensely between both successful and less successful firms. The struggle for bargaining power between purchasers and suppliers in this industry will likely continue, with that power shifting back and forth due to various market conditions. Factors such as the cost and supply of fuel, the availability and quality of supplies, ever-changing government regulations and fluctuating consumer demand can cause variances in the flow of bargaining power. Other stakeholders such as unions, the government, creditors, shareholders and other key groups involved with the industry, can change and play a big factor in the near and extended future. Power of the government will increase exponentially, creating higher taxes, greater measures of safety, security and regulations, as the industry adapts and evolves. The level of intensity will grow rapidly and the rivalries will always be there, but they will be different with each rival. The competitiveness will intensify greatly in the future, because of the expected boom in the industry. More flights mean more aircrafts, employees, security and security measures, prices and innovative thinking. Some firms have been known to scout some of their future and current associates and team members, hence the rivalry among experienced employees in the industry. Another reason the intensity will grow, is because the internet is being used more, and more often by customers booking flights, future employe es seeking new positions and marketing techniques. The hyper competition of the industry will affect the intensity and moving forward, new strategic tools will need to be used to keep up. The key success factors such as, booking accessibility, diverse classes of service offerings and aircraft type and seating space, will create loyalty and repeat customers. This will intensify the industry as it expands in the future in a very positive way. Also, successful financial management of each corporation may enable airlines to increase their influence and power. The high fixed costs of the industry, force corporations to offer cheaper standby fares when a flight has not reached its capacity. The flight still needs to get to its destination, so cheaper flights are offered just to fill the seats in this case. This will always create an intense rivalry. I would invest in this industry because I believe the overall growth of airlines and aircrafts in Canada and globally will be tremendous. A company like Bombardier would be a great one to invest in. They have been expanding rapidly by acquiring top firms and companies in the industry with the goal of being the market leaders in all aspects. There are 18,000 commercial aircrafts traveling the skies and that number should double within the next 12 years. In addition with the price of purchasing aircrafts rising and the need for them in the near future, moreover, companies outside of Canada in the aircraft manufacturing industry such as Boeing and Air Ambulance would be successful ones to invest in. With the projected heights of the industry, it would be an intelligent idea to invest in what the general public rated the top airline company in North America, Air Canada, because, the larger they become the greater their revenues increase. Air Canada is involved in all transportation categories of the industry, such as internationally, nationally, regionally and the transportation of cargo for other corporations. As the global population increases at an extremely intense rate, additional customers will be using their services and in turn expanding a business’s potential. The more firms in the airline industry grow, the more flights and services will be offered. This means better rates because of the increase in airports, flight times and options, accessibility and many other aspects. WestJet is currently looking at purchasing 40 new aircrafts, with the top two competitors being Italian based company ATR Aircrafts and Bombardier. Bombardier will be leaning heavily on the fact that they are a Canadian based manufacturer with the hope of winning this extremely lucrative and positive contract. Economically, this may have a large affirmative influence on the Canadian industry, another key factor in why I would invest in the Canadian airline industry. After reviewing the financial results of some airline companies in Canada, I found that the net earnings have been rising for the past 2-5 years on a consistent and large scale. The revenue and available seat miles (ASM), are increasing quite rapidly, however, the costs of aircrafts, other specialized equipment and fuel are increasing almost as rapidly. A statement made by Gregg Saretsky, President and CEO of WestJet, contained in the company’s recent financial statements outlined that profitable growth continues as they expand their reach. I interpret this as a very positive message from an important stakeholder in the Canadian industry. It means that as the company expands more and more, so do the profits, brand name and other large factors in any successful business in the second largest country in the world. This is a very attractive industry to get involved with because of the growth potential. Expert analyst and great strategist have predicted the airline industry to be one of the top grossing and earning industries in the world. There are over 230 different airline companies in Canada with less than ten dominating forces in the industry. The larger the company, the larger the profit, so the attractiveness is more appealing with larger companies or firms. Porter Airlines is a small company that launched in 2006, however, the first year they recorded financial gain was 2011. This company has been steadily expanding since they set to the air. The founders of Porter airlines spent five years building their business plan. With the precise and meticulous environmental scanning and strategic planning, they have grown their company in a great way, with greater expectations in the future. The most unattractive aspect of this industry is the cost of fuel and according to the Air Transportation Association (ATA) is an airline’s second largest expense. According to the financial report of Air Canada, they spent $723 million on fuel in 2011, an increase of about 27% from the previous year. Right now, jet fuel consumption is exceeding 6 million barrels daily and with that number increasing in the future, demands will increase even more then they are now, driving the cost of this essential commodity in the industry. Air Canada’s operating income in 2011 was more than $50 million down from the year prior. They reported a decrease in net loss of just less than $250 million. The cause of their loss was from foreign exchange and internal investigation. Another unattractive aspect is that globally, the level of carbon dioxide and other emissions is expected to rise 50% by the year 2050. Aircrafts emissions contribute to climate change three times as fast as they do from cars, which is extremely harmful to the environment. Most companies in the industry are putting enormous focus on their environmental scanning, trying to find options to decrease and minimize this major factor. Overall, the financial results suggest that the Canadian airline industry will continue to grow on exponential levels in the future and will be extremely beneficial for the Canadian economy in many ways.

B2b In SmeS Perspectives And Future Challenges

? B2b In Sme? S: Positions And Future Challenges? , Essay, Research Paper Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose and Content The Forrester study ( Feb. 2000 ) in an article entitled? eMarketplaces Boost B2B Trade. ? Predicts that? B2B ( concern to concern ) e-commerce will make $ 2.7 trillion in 2004. While Internet trade between single spouses will go on to boom, eMarketplaces will fuel most of the growing making 53 % of all online concern trade in five years. ? These figures would propose that it is imperative that SME? s embrace the e-commerce universe that is blossoming around them, to disregard it, could be the concern equivalent of harakiri. In this thesis entitled? B2B in SME? s: Positions and Future Challenges? , The chances and challenges faced by SME? s in the B2B environment will be examined in item. Disruptive engineerings and reiterating forms in retailing will be reviewed and the new developing schemes and concern theoretical accounts available utilizing the Internet will be discussed and the benefits they bring to both purchasers and Sellerss will be investigated as portion of the research survey. Primary research will be conducted, analysed, reviewed and presented to exemplify the manner in which SME directors? position B2B commercialism. The research inquiries steering the reported work will be detailed subsequently. 1.2 E-commerce: An Introduction Electronic Commerce ( e-commerce ) is a agency of utilizing the power of computing machines, the Internet and shared package to direct and have merchandise specifications and drawings ; commands, purchase orders and bills ; and any other type of informations that needs to be communicated to clients, providers, employees or the public. ( thirty ) E-commerce is the new, profitable manner to behavior concern which goes beyond the simple motion of information and expands electronic minutess from point-of-sale demands, finding and production programming, right through to invoicing, payment and reception. E-commerce utilizations cardinal criterions and engineerings including Electronic Data Interchange, Technical Data Interchange, Hypertext Mark-up Language, extensile Mark-up Language, and the Standard for Exchange of Product theoretical account informations. E-commerce is made possible through the expanded engineerings of the Internet, the World Wide Web, and Value-Added Networks. The Internet is making unprecedented and apparently infinite chances for both its concerns and clients. Yet it is altering so fast that the velocity of alteration and the sheer figure of picks available to companies frequently overwhelm directors and clients likewise. In add-on to this the regulations of the Web are somewhat different to those of traditional concerns. E-commerce is non constrained by the regulations that have restricted companies historically in the normal codifications of concern behavior. Companies can now put new criterions in profitableness and efficiency. This is turn leads to the consumer, in either the concern to concern ( B2B ) sector or concern to client ( B2C ) sector, acquiring the right merchandise, in the right clip, to the right topographic point for the right monetary value, this will be referred to as the retail merchants mission. ( Thirty ) An extra property of the Internet is that it lacks a cardinal authorization, in other words, there is no? Internet, Inc. ? which controls the Internet. Beyond the assorted government boards that work to set up policies and criterions, the Internet is bound by few regulations and replies to no individual administration. 1.3 Disruptive Technologies ? A riotous engineering enables advanced companies to make new concern theoretical accounts that alter the economic sciences of their industry? . ( Christensen and Bower 1995 ) In retailing the Internet is non the first such break that came with the outgrowth of the section shop and was closely followed by the mail order catalogue. Then followed price reduction section shops and eventually, in the early 1990? s came the Internet, the 4th disrupter. Internet companies such as Amazon.com are altering the manner things are bought and sold. These Internet companies pose powerful menaces to rivals with more conventional concern theoretical accounts. ? As with earlier breaks, Internet retailing has ab initio focused on simple ware. The inquiry is how fast will e-tailers travel upmarket? ? Evans and Wurster ( 1999 ) 1.4 Retailing Forms ? The Past may non state us everything about the hereafter of electronic commercialism but it reveals more than we anticipate? Christensen and Tedlow ( 2000 ) . Retailing since its origin has been all about profitableness. Profitableness is mostly determined by two factors: borders and the frequence at which stocks can be turned over. However, while such breaks change the economic sciences if an industry they do non needfully hold to consequence profitableness. Department shops in the early 1900? s were gaining a gross border of 40 % this coupled with an mean stock list turnover of three times per annum, gave an one-year return on capital invested of 120 % . The price reduction section shops so operated with gross borders of 23 % with one-year stock list turnover of five, giving 115 % , a figure rather similar to their predecessors. The 4th retailing break is now underway, instituted by the Internet, a company like Amazon.com can turn their stock list over a astonishing 25 times a tw elvemonth, a simple generation now determines that a gross border of 5 % is merely necessary to vie with their traditional challengers. It is clearly seeable that the Internet is presenting unusually good on three out of four points of the retail merchant? s mission, with the exclusion being clip. 1.5 Deductions for SME? s in Ireland The reported work seeks to analyze such alterations in an Irish context and measure the deductions of Internet alterations for the SME sector in Ireland. Specifically, the undertaking will analyze managerial attitudes and sentiments towards B2B commercialism and the challenges faced by such companies in the germinating Internet economic system. The undermentioned research inquiries are of significance to the survey: Is there an apprehension of e-commerce, the Internet and B2B amongst SME directors? Are they familiar with the ways of to the full using B2B? What are the chances for engagement in B2B? What are the benefits for engagement in B2B? Are at that place effects if non? What investings are necessary in preparation and development? What manner will it consequence bing concern relationships? Chapter 2 The Evolving E-commerce Economy 2.1 Introduction This thesis will analyze B2B minutess in an SME context and will seek to find the nature and extent of B2B among little concerns in the Southeast part. The alteration the Internet offers, is the improved efficiency in interchanging information. The dealing costs have declined and it is easier and cheaper for a company to interchange information with other companies. Enormous information engineering investings are no longer needed to interact with supply concatenation spouses electronically. The solutions should be within range for all companies independent of size. 2.2 Definitions of E-commerce ? E-commerce is the ability to execute minutess affecting the exchange or usage of goods or services between two or more parties utilizing electronic tools and techniques? . Treese and Stewart ( 1998 ) Some chief engineerings have made e-commerce feasible? World Wide Web, Electronic Data Interchange ( EDI ) , Electronic Fundss Transfer ( EFT ) and E-mail. ? EDI is the inter-organisational, computer-to-computer exchange of concern certification in a criterion, machine-processable format. EFT was designed to optimize electronic payments with electronically provided remittal information. ? Kalakota and Whinston ( 1997 ) E-commerce provides the capableness of purchasing and merchandising merchandises and information via telephone lines, computing machine webs, and other electronic agencies. The Internet, the largest web of computing machine webs, is the medium normally favoured for electronic commercialism because it allows an administration to cut service costs while increasing the velocity of service bringing. E-commerce is considered a primary agencies by which administrations may spread out quickly into the high growing emerging markets of the universe. This is possible because, foremost as multinational companies become skilled in their usage of the Internet, they will be able to prosecute planetary electronic commercialism more expeditiously, salvaging of import advertisement, communicating, and administrative costs. Second, the Internet can increase reactivity by advising single clients when new merchandises in their countries of involvement become available and by making customised merchandises and services. Third and eventually, multinational companies utilizing the Internet can increase their cognition about consumer wonts, be able to specify tendencies, and turn consumer statistics into long-run client relationships. Boudreau et Al ( 1998 ) 2.3 B2B E-commerce Forrester Research defines business-to-business e-commerce as? inter-company trade in which the concluding order is placed over the Internet? . The definition is constricted, since the order is merely one of the minutess needed between merchandising spouses. It is? Information and telecommunication enabled coaction across horizontal and perpendicular value ironss? . ( Eloranta 2000 ) E-business creates a platform for co-ordinating demand/supply ironss and wider concern webs. Another facet at micro degree is that e-business makes it possible to capture a huge figure of one-to-one relationships. E-business theoretical accounts are? all the concern theoretical accounts utilizing the Internet as a agency of information bringing? ( Huttunen 2000 ) . This definition is embracing, since it includes all sorts of relationships. B2B e-commerce was born out of an effort to work out an administrative job. It developed a new computing machine criterion to manage these demands, which became known as EDI, Electronic Data Interchange. Today its descendent, XML, a igniter, simpler informations interchange criterion is used by B2B sites. Simple e-commerce sites foremost appeared in 1992. The early e-commerce sites were practical catalogues, merely naming merchandises for sale. Ordering was off-line, through electronic mail, phone or facsimile. By 1996 the engineering had advanced greatly to bring forth practical shops with shopping carts, client histories and, with the development of protocols such as Secure Socket Layer, enabled clients to order and pay for their purchase on-line straight by recognition card. ( World Wide Web. Shelron.com? E-commerce: A Brief History? . 2000 ) B2B e-commerce rapidly became popular with consumers and providers. For clients, it was fast, easy and efficient, leting them to compare merchandises, monetary value and service before purchase. For providers, it allowed them to make an limitless international audience, 24 hours a twenty-four hours, 7 yearss a hebdomad at decreased costs. Today e-commerce is widely used and turning fast. B2B is the largest, fastest turning and most profitable market. Harmonizing to the Internet Development Company ( IDC ) , this twelvemonth, it is expected to account for two tierces of universe broad e-commerce. B2C is besides expected to turn, boosted by Broadband ( high-speed ) Internet entree to more online families. Future progresss include digital money and e-wallets, and # 8216 ; personal agents # 8217 ; that aid users find what they are looking for and of class WAP phones. Sites can work with fulfilment Centres supplying clients with first-class service and providers with information, and ca n back up the newest tendency for human interaction in e-commerce client service. 2.4 The Importance of the Internet in B2B trade In an AT Kearney Report ( AT Kearney, 1999 ) possible channel schemes that the Internet offers are outlined as follows: a ) Selling B ) Electronic selling, advertisement and publicity degree Celsius ) Digital distribution of goods and services vitamin D ) After-market merchandises and client support In the country of operations, the undermentioned utilizations of the Internet have been listed ( AT Kearney, 1999 ) : a ) Online publications and communications B ) Procurement and sourcing degree Celsius ) Digital co-operatives vitamin D ) Transportation system and logistics vitamin E ) Digital supply concatenation degree Fahrenheit ) Digital constellation g ) Global communicating and production H ) Integrated enterprise resource planning systems I ) Variable pricing 2.5 Some Impacts of the Internet on Business-to-Business ( B2B ) E-commerce It has already been suggested that the Internet will revolutionize the traditional ways of making concern ; and it will besides convey alterations for the B2B sector. These may be detailed as follows: a ) Entree to more spouses, clients or providers If within consumer concerns there exists an chance to make a broad group of consumers, in the B2B country at that place besides exists an chance to make more providers, even globally. It is non a job to portion gross revenues and stock list information with more providers with company benefits through lower buying monetary values. B ) Outsourcing and specialization Manufacturers and distributers are in a more hard state of affairs. While demands have grown, velocity, truth, service degree and customisation demands are high. While specialization is needed, outsourcing has become more attractive as it is more cost-efficient than earlier thanks to more efficient communicating. Henriott ( 1999 ) However, non all companies outsource their production. They fear losing control over rational belongings and quality or leaking inventions to rivals. They besides want to maintain in touch with clients and industry tendencies. Engardio ( 1998 ) degree Celsius ) The altering function of the client Relationships may alter in B2B e-commerce. Customer know-how is employed in many e-commerce instances, as the client has the installation to configure the merchandise required and in some instances the control of the supply concatenation is besides client controlled. The client is now more demanding and is pleased to acquire information about the bringing phases. A more active client now exists and performs tasks old carried out by the provider. The terminal consequence, a more satisfied client. Henriott ( 1999 ) , Slywotzky ( 2000 ) In incorporate supply chains the spouses become more loyal, the relationships deeper and the ties between the companies stronger. However, the Internet offers the client a manner to seek out lowest monetary values and forms a menace for strong trueness. Slywotzky ( 2000 ) Prahalad ( 2000 ) Customers are equipped with more information utilizing e-commerce. They become more demanding and this requires the supply concatenation to be flexible, speedy and accurate. As clients control the supply concatenation, the power displacements from providers to clients. vitamin D ) The altering constructions Lancioni et Al. ( 2000 ) in an article? The Role of the Internet in Supply Chain Management? Predict that supply ironss will shorten as a effect of B2B e-business. Companies may be in direct communicating with clients, industrial or consumers, when it is a inquiry of gross revenues or selling. But, because outsourcing additions, there will be instances where supply chains become longer and/or more complicated. vitamin E ) Better service degrees The article farther lineations that? quality degrees of the operations will increase in B2B e-commerce. Tradeoffs are no longer needed, ends refering service degrees and stock list degrees, for illustration, are no longer options. However, the demands and outlooks have grown excessively. What was antecedently regarded as an first-class service may now be taken as a given. degree Fahrenheit ) Collaboration ? In the country of supply concatenation direction, the usage of the Internet is on a rather low degree. A study of the function of the Internet in supply concatenation direction? ( Lancioni et al. 2000 ) indicated that the Internet seems to be used merely in individual minutess. The study did non concentrate on coaction or the alterations in the construction of a supply concatenation caused by the Internet. There appears to be huge possibilities that remain fresh. 2.6 The Impact of B2B E-commerce for Irish SME? s Jim Coffey, SoftCo CEO, addressed the Chartered Accountants in Business Conference of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland, 26 September 2000. He saying that? B2B ecommerce is all about set uping win-win trading relationships. Astute concerns view the Internet as a omnipresent web, enabling them to streamline their supply ironss, enter moneymaking new markets and trade electronically. The New Economy demands that administrations rethink their existing concern schemes, as those that do non take an aggressive attack and follow new and advanced concern theoretical accounts could happen themselves at a terrible competitory disadvantage? Further McGowan has suggested that? I see electronic commercialism is nil less than a revolution, which will alter the footing of making concern? McGowan ( 1999 ) Electronic Commerce represents as Kieran McGowan justly pointed out nil less than a revolution in the manner concern is carried out. As the reported work has indicated before, e-commerce basically changes the concern environment. It leads to different mediators, new merchandises, new markets and new concern consumer relationships every bit good as new channels for spreading cognition and for interaction in the workplace. The potency is immense as Irish B2B ecommerce minutess are predicted to turn from $ 500million in 1996 to $ 62 billion by the year-end 2000. McGuinness ( 1999 ) The SME sector is critical to the economic success of the Irish state, given the part of little concern to economic growing and occupation creative activity. Business with under 50 employees account for 98 % of the state # 8217 ; s concerns and more than 90 % of Irish concerns employ fewer than 10 people. Harmonizing to the National Competitiveness Council # 8217 ; s Annual Competitiveness Report 1998, SME # 8217 ; s are an indispensable component of national fight. A well-developed and vivacious SME sector will be an of import beginning of invention. Most new houses begin in the SME sector and they can besides be a genteelness land for new merchandises and services. 2.7 The Irish Situation Given the above statistics, it would be just to state that B2B e-commerce offers legion chances to concerns, but are Irish SME? s taking advantage of the chances afforded to them by e-commerce, specifically in the concern to concern context. The Annual Competitiveness Report 1998 points out that in general IT applications are used less by SME? s than by larger concerns. The chief grounds for this are the high costs associated with the applications, their hapless suitableness to the demands of the little concern and the SME? s ain deficiency of IT knowledge. The study besides points out that SME? s are besides at a disadvantage with respect to telecommunication costs. Unlike larger endeavors they are non they are non in a place to negociate bulk price reductions. Given these barriers it would look improbable that Irish SME? s are prehending the chances offered by ecommerce. A recent study by the Information Society Commission besides had some distressing statistics sing the usage of information engineering by SME? s. While 62 % of big companies in Ireland see new engineerings as indispensable, merely 22 % of little companies do. A distressing 25 % of SME? s feel that new engineerings will hold small or no impact on their fight. These are issues of importance. 2.8 the Southeast state of affairs Mary Harney T.D. , An T? naiste and Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment officially launched the Wales A ; Ireland e-commerce ( WIRECOM ) enterprise in Ireland. WIRECOM is an Interreg supported inaugural designed to assist SMEs in the South East of Ireland and West Wales place how e-Commerce can help in the development of their concern. It is envisaged that, with the aid of WIRECOM, Southeast SMEs will be better prepared and resourced to vie in the e-commerce universe of the hereafter. Talking at the launch the T? naiste said # 8220 ; The planetary nature of modern communicating engineerings will shrivel the planet and make off with the obstruction of distance. This presents many chances for little concern. Small concern has the quality of flexibleness, rapidly accommodating to a quickly altering environment and reacting to new market conditions and alterations originating from such things as economic restructuring, technological alteration and new production methods. Today # 8217 ; s launch of an advanced new e-Commerce enterprise, will ease advanced SMEs in successfully viing in the planetary marketplace. # 8221 ; Initial research by the WIRECOM undertaking squad has revealed that the acceptance of e-commerce by SMEs in the South East of Ireland is dawdling behind that of the National norm.# 8220 ; We have found that although there is strong general consciousness of e-Commerce amongst the concern community in the South East, there is still a reluctance or awkwardness to implement e-Commerce tools such as e-mail and online merchandising which is at discrepancy with National tendencies. # 8221 ; said Patrick Munden Project Manger WIRECOM.# 8220 ; Merely 35 % of fabrication companies in the South East usage electronic mail and an even lower figure ( 12 % ) have implemented web sites or electronic catalogues # 8221 ; , he continued. These statistics when viewed against the recent findings of the Information Society committee, which stated that the National norm for e-mail use is 80 % and Website execution at 55 % , indicate that concern in the Southeast is dawdling behind. The WIRECOM undertaking will turn to these issues and is offering free e-Commerce ratings to selected SMEs in the Southeast which will be undertaken by experient concern advisers from the South East Business Innovation Centre, in association with research helpers from the Waterford Institute of Technology. Advisers will see the SME, learn its procedures, discourse its concern issues and place how e-commerce can better concern efficiencies. Research will so set up how e-commerce is impacting on that SME? s peculiar Industry and place what providers, rivals and clients are making online. A study is so presented to the SME detailing the options available and urging possible schemes for the best manner frontward. If an SME has already implemented e-commerce tools, such as a Website, the undertaking advisers can give a non-biased position of its effectivity and will place selling techniques to increase the site? s productivity and the overall benefit of the site to the SME. The undertaking is unfastened to all little and average sized companies in fabrication or Internationally Traded Services in the Southeast part and is being operated in concurrence with several bureaus in West Wales where a similar programme for Welsh SMEs is presently in operation. The undertaking is funded by the EU Interreg II Programme and will be running until March 2001. Chapter 3 B2B: The Challenges and Potential Benefits for the SME Sector. 3.1 Introduction: B2B E-commerce Potential Benefits and Challenges A 3 Com proficient paper Anon 2000: ? Business to Business Electronic Commerce. Market Landscapes and Solutions? States there is a broad scope of possible benefits actuating today? s SME? s to set about B2B e-commerce enterprises, including the followers: a ) Cost decrease via improved logistics and direction. The chances range from basic electronic information bringing to easing transactional exchanges of information. Such applications can make tighter links among concern spouses, bettering the efficiency of the assorted support maps involved in conveying merchandises to market. B ) Improved competitory position. Rapid growing, efficient decrease of merchandise time-to-market, and optimization of merchandise distribution channels contribute to a superior competitory place. degree Celsius ) Improved internal information entree. Quantitative and qualitative betterments to information entree for forces can give large final payments for the SME. Business countries such as the development of concern chances and concern scheme are peculiarly rich in this regard. In the emerging networked economic system, established companies are happening that they must follow B2B e-commerce in order to fend off competition. Newer, smaller, and/or other-market companies are come ining new markets as traditional barriers fall. Unless bing SME? s prepare to run into this competitory challenge, these new participants may be better positioned to heighten their supply ironss, acquire to market more rapidly, or purchase engineering to gain procedure efficiencies. 3.2 Challenges to Implement Operations Models Enabled by the Internet ? Gaining those immense possibilities the Internet offers is non an easy undertaking. Implementing a new operations theoretical account is hard. The companies must hold on rules, specifications, duties and cost sharing. This undertaking is expensive and time-consuming. ? Lee, Whang, ( 1999 ) Besides the whole industry may hold to be restructured. ? A Company must be able to transform itself to vie efficaciously in the new state of affairs. It is hard to alter established concern patterns. This state of affairs attracts new advanced companies, because they don? Ts have old constructions and methods? Prahalad, Ramasvamy ( 2000 ) . ? Material handling may go a hurdle for implementing a new concern theoretical account. Many authors propose, that outsourcing transit or repositing or constellation is a solution? Wilson ( 1999 ) Requirements are high for such jobbers. Implementing a cost-efficient bringing solution that is fast, accurate and flexible and is able to custom-make merchandises may be a hard equation to work out. 3 Com farther adds that? Businesss successful with B2B e-commerce are those that have learned to turn to several cardinal challenges? a ) Identify/measure quantifiable concern aims Businesses must accurately mensurate the impact an e-business enterprise has on a concern procedure in order to guarantee that enterprises are presenting on their promises. A common ground for non making this is a deficiency of apprehension of the relevant engineerings and their e-business deductions. B ) Define concern procedures. To back up measuring, concern procedures must be good defined. Companies should make theoretical accounts of bing procedures and interactions, finding the relevant events, clip frames, resources, and costs associated with the concern procedure. This theoretical account is so used to assist streamline and measure new electronic procedures, and serves as a benchmark for finding return on investing. degree Celsius ) Identify distinguishable value-propositions of equal value-chain entities. Each concern entity in the value concatenation must clearly understand the value propositions of each other entity. An e-commerce-enabled application may stand for value to one participant but have impersonal or even negative value to others. Enterprises with such instabilities can gnaw the concern confederation they were intended to back up. vitamin D ) Align concern administrations with IT architecture. The concern must be organised to let the demands of lines-of-business ( LOBs ) to be reconciled with the common architectural model developed by IT. IT may move as a accelerator within the endeavor to organize assorted LOB enterprises within the range of an e-business commission. A LOB may besides defend e-business enterprises, while the IT group maps as affair, guaranting architectural unity across the LOB enterprises. vitamin E ) Understand security issues. Even the most demanding security considerations can be addressed cost-effectively for the huge bulk of concerns. The nucleus security issue is unchanged. Security demands must be accurately identified and matched with appropriate mechanisms. degree Fahrenheit ) Ensure organisational/operational flexibleness. Business dealing growing, expanded markets, and increased information handiness can go resistless alteration agents. However good organised the concern was before deployment of e-business enterprises, the state of affairs will needfully alter as the consequence of the enterprises. Administrations must preposition themselves in their construction every bit good as in executing to boom in a significantly more dynamic environment. Businesss must put accomplishable ends and parametric quantities and run within them. ? Do non assure following twenty-four hours bringing if this is unattainable. ? SMEs have challenges similar to that of large concerns but they do non hold the benefits of economic sciences of graduated table, which make it riskier for SMEs to put in E-business engineering. The Challenges are frequently the same for SMEs whether they pattern conventional or practical concern. A major challenge for the SME is whether they have the fiscal resources to put in engineering and other related costs for developing an E-business, or including E-business as a scheme to their existing operations. Human resources need to be in topographic point to run into the demands, so holding staff to develop a new type of concern, holding the appropriate accomplishment base within the administration, pulling and retaining employees with applicable accomplishments are all critical for the SME. This may be really hard in today? s concern clime but it is indispensable to run E-business decently. Finding sufficient clip to put in the development and execution of an E-business bundle is besides a critical factor. Hazard taking can be dashing for an SME compared to larger administrations, peculiarly in ventures that are still comparatively new, unfamiliar and unsure. 3.3 B2B E-Commerce Quality Challenges Speer ( 2000 ) in an article: ? Requirements in E-Commerce Testing? provinces that? The importance of quality confidence and proving mechanisms is supported by the well-publicised clangs of outstanding e-commerce sites, and relentless concerns about bandwidth, security, and privateness. In an intensely competitory market place, rigorous quality criterions are associated with concerns that survive. With the competition merely a chink off, quality must be an active scheme alternatively of simply a motto. ? If, during peak purchasing seasons a ample fraction of effort ed Web purchases fail, or if users complain of dropped connexions, so the economic and public dealingss effects can be terrible. The same is besides true when inaccurate records are generated about minutess or clients can non find at the clip of telling if the coveted points are in stock or when bringing can be expected, or if the purchased goods neer arrive. Cardinal inquiries about whether it is safe to shop online and, if safe, so if truly cheaper, faster and more convenient than on Main Street, are asked and answered in each possible customer’s site trial experience. If the visitant experience is negative due to decelerate response times, straight-out clangs, or misdemeanors of privateness, consumer assurance can be undermined. Chapter 4 B2B Strategy and the Future 4.1 Syndication 4.1.1 Syndication an Introduction Werbach ( 1999 ) opens in an article from the Harvard Business Review entitled? Syndication: The Emerging Model for Business in the Internet Era? that? There? s no inquiry that the Internet is turn overing the old regulations about competition and scheme. But what are the new regulations? Many of them can be found in the construct of syndication, a manner of making concern that has its beginnings in the amusement universe but is now spread outing to specify the construction of e-business. As companies enter syndication webs, they will necessitate to rethink their merchandises, relationships, and even their nucleus capablenesss. ? The form of content and concern relationships on the Web is tied to an old construct, and that construct is syndication. Traditionally based on the closed universe of the media, it may be the theoretical account that allows the Web to stay unfastened as it grows. As with most new mediums, the Internet incorporates elements of media that existed in the yesteryear. Syndication trades are the lifeblood of today # 8217 ; s broadcast medium, overseas telegram and newspaper industries, an illustration of this is the sketch heroic poem? The Simpson? s? , which at any given clip on NTL? s web in operation in Ireland they may look on three different channels at the same time. In such agreements, entities that create content ( Gracie Films ) license it out to distributers ( NTL ) , who integrate it with their ain and other offerings ( Network 2, BBC 2 and Sky One ) . Several major Web-based companies adopted the syndication attack early on, though the market has remained reasonably limited. Werbach ( 1999 ) suggests. ? On-line syndication is now poised to detonate, but even as it changes the Internet, the Internet will alter syndication. On the Web, the construct applies to commerce every bit good as content, and shortly it will widen to dynamic applications. Syndication will germinate into the nucleus theoretical account for the Internet economic system, leting concerns and persons to retain control over their on-line character while basking the benefits of monolithic graduated table and range. The Internet is a communications medium, a platform for commercialism and a distributed computer science environment, all at one time. ? Syndication unambiguously cuts across the linguistic communication of content, commercialism and computer science. Though normally seen as an artifact of traditional inactive media, syndication tantrums absolutely with the Web # 8217 ; s fluidness and interactivity. The foundations for permeant Web-based syndication are now being laid, but everyone is still seeking to calculate out merely what the constructions on top will look like. Software sellers, service agency? s, content Godheads, synergistic bureaus and merchandisers are cheating to specify the theoretical accounts for syndication webs. Competitive conflicts are being fought in both criterions organic structures and distinct market places. Whether they realise it or non, all the participants are viing around a deep but under-appreciated Internet challenge: distributed information direction. 4.1.2 Why should Syndication Work? Werbach ( 1999 ) explains? Up to now Web syndication engineerings and patterns haven # 8217 ; t generated much attending outside narrow communities of involvement. But shortly, syndication will be perfectly cardinal to the development of most Net concerns. At the same clip, it # 8217 ; s the hereafter theoretical account for the 1000000s of independent and personal Web-sites that give the Internet its verve. The Internet is acquiring so large that no 1 can be everyplace. Syndication allows sites to widen their presence out to their clients, and gives those clients tools to aggregate the information and maps they wish to see. Syndication works so good on-line because everything takes the signifier of information. In the physical universe, syndication involves a batch of printing, collection and driving picture reels about. On the Web, as the transportation of content becomes simpler, the relationships can go more complex. Add to that the ability to assemble information dynamically or even to put to death applications with rights and privileges assigned among assorted parties, and things start to acquire interesting. Syndication has been traditionally rare in the concern environment for three grounds. First syndication works merely with information goods ; this is because information is non a consumable Merchandise, it remains available and infinite sum of people can utilize the same information. Second, syndication requires modularity. Syndicated goods are non normally merchandises in themselves, despite holding considerable value. Shane Ross? s concern subdivision in? The Sunday Independent? is really popular, nevertheless, would it be purchased as a individual entity? Finally, to guarantee the success of syndication many distributers are required. There would be small point of making many different combinations and constellations of content if there is merely one distributer or the content Godhead controls distribution. This would put a chokehold or monopolize the state of affairs, as was the instance in the early yearss of film in the US, with Warner Bros. declining to demo MGM movies in their theaters and visa versa. 4.1.3 The Three Syndication Roles Werbach ( 1999 ) high spots that within syndication webs concern can play one or more of three functions. a ) Originator Originators create as their name suggests original content. The Internet increases the range of conceivers in two ways. It expands the range of the original content and makes it easier for companies to circulate their content globally. It is possible to syndicate any merchandise, service or procedure once they can be as information. B ) Syndicator Syndicators bring together content from a figure of beginnings and so do it available through digital information. This relieves the distributer from holding to happen and negociate with huge Numberss of conceivers to garner the content they require. Syndicators are rare in the physical concern universe except in the amusement field, but it is going increasingely popular as concern theoretical account on the Internet. degree Celsiuss ) Distributor Distributors are the clients confronting facet of the concern. Distributors utilizing syndication to take down the cost for geting client content. This allows them to increase value to clients. Syndication allows conceivers to spread out their range and rush their time-to-market, both critical elements for success in a Web concern. It besides makes it possible for smaller, less commercially oriented sites to portion the benefits of the Internet economic system. 4.1.4 Syndication Summary As Werbach has discussed, ? The true trademark of the Internet is choice. ? With syndication, any information can be anyplace, because the nexus between creative activity and distribution is broken. There will be many possible waies between companies and their audiences. Many of these waies will be at the same time. The great chance for engineering and service suppliers lies in voyaging the tangle, taking advantage of the best distribution concatenation for a given client at a given minute. 4.2 E-Hubs: The New B2B Markets 4.2.1 Introduction ? As concern to concern commercialism displacements to the Internet, companies that have control over the online markets can exercise enormous influences on the manner participants carry out minutess, form relationships and gaining control profits. ? In an article? E-Hubs: The New B2B Marketplaces. ? Kaplan and Sawhney ( 2000 ) examine the subject of efficient and profitable customisation from a B2B lens by analyzing four types of E-Hubs in the B2B market place, these E-Hubs Lashkar-e-Taiba companies purchase precisely what they want and precisely how they want to purchase it. Kaplan and Sawhney place four types of E-Hubs: 1. MRO hubs 2. Output Directors 3. Exchanges 4. Catalog Hubs 4.2.2 MRO Hub MRO ( Maintenance, Repair, and Operating ) hubs are horizontal markets that enable a systematic sourcing of operating inputs. Systematic sourcing of inputs involves negotiated contracts with qualified providers, because the contacts tend to be long term, the purchasers and Sellerss build up a stopping point relationship. By and large used with low value goods with comparatively high dealing costs supplying mostly increasing efficiencies in the procurance procedure. 4.2.3 Output Manager Output directors are besides horizontal markets that enable topographic point sourcing of operating inputs. Topographic point sourcing is when the purchaser? s end is to carry through an immediate demand at the lowest possible cost. Commodities trading for oil or steel are a good illustration of topographic point sourcing. There is now relationship between purchaser and marketer in fact it is possible for the purchaser non to cognize whom they are covering with. Output directors create topographic point markets for common operating resources like advertisement or labor. This allows companies to spread out or contract their operations on short notice. This type of E-Hub adds the most value in state of affairss with a high grade of monetary value and demand volatility, such as electricity or with high fixed cost assets that can non be liquidated rapidly such as work force. 4.2.4 Exchanges Exchanges are perpendicular markets that enable topographic point sourcing of fabrication inputs. They enable procurement specializers to smooth out the extremums and the vales in demand and supply by quickly interchanging the trade goods or close trade goods required for production. The exchange hub maintains relationships with purchasers and Sellerss, this makes it easy for them to carry on concern without the holding to flesh out the castanetss of a relationship with all the connected paperwork. 4.2.5 Catalog Hubs Catalog hubs are perpendicular markets that enable systematic sourcing of fabrication inputs. They automate the sourcing of non-commodity fabrication inputs, making value by cut downing dealing costs. Catalog hubs conveying together many providers to the easy to utilize Web site. They are industry specific and can be purchaser or marketer focused. The B2B Matrix What Businesses Buy? How Businesses Buy? Systematic Sourcing Spot Sourcing Operating Inputs Manufacturing Inputs MRO Hubs MRO.com BizBuyer.com Catalog Hubs Chemdex PlasticsNet.com Output Directors Steptstone.com AdAuction.com Exchange Hubs e-Steel PapersExchange.com Fig. 1.The B2B Matrix 4.2.6 Aggregation and Matching There are obvious differences between systematic and topographic point sourcing this in bend makes the market mechanisms for MRO and Catalog hubs rather distinguishable from that of Yield troughs and Exchange Hubs. E-Hubs creates value by two basically different mechanisms, collection and matching. E-Hubs under collection brings together a big figure of purchasers and Sellerss under one practical roof. They can cut down dealing cost by supplying one halt store. The collection mechanism is inactive in nature, as monetary values are pre negotiated. An of import facet of collection is that the add-on of another purchaser benefits merely the marketer and the add-on of another marketer benefits merely the purchaser. The ground behind this is that in collection both the purchasers and Sellerss places are fixed. Unlike in the collection mechanism the matching mechanism is non-static and brings purchaser and Sellerss together in a dynamic existent clip environment. Matching used topographic point sourcing where monetary values are determined at the minute of purchase ; it is possible for the purchase to take topographic point in the signifier of an auction. The functions of the participants in matching is unstable, purchasers can be Sellerss and frailty versa. Therefore the debut of any new traders in to the mechanism can be good to both parties. 4.3 Choiceboards: The age of the Choiceboard Slywotzky ( 2000 ) suggests that, ? Thankss to the Internet an option to the unhappy theoretical account of supplier-customer interaction is eventually going possible. In most markets clients will be able to plan or depict the exact merchandise or service that they want and supplier will be able to present it with out via media or hold, this is made possible through Choiceboards. Choiceboards are synergistic on line systems the allow persons to plan their ain merchandises by taking from a bill of fare of properties, constituents and monetary values. The client can now travel from being the merchandise taker to merchandise shaper. ? In? The age of the Choiceboard? , Slywotzky ( 2000 ) , a direction adviser, looks at this synergistic on-line system that allows consumers to custom-make the merchandises or services they order. He anticipates that Choiceboards will rule commercial activity this decennary, as the U.S. economic system displacements from a supply-driven to a demand-driven system. Slywotzky theorises that? because the companies that control Choiceboards will besides command client relationships, ? these companies will be the industry powerhouses that? harvest the king of beasts # 8217 ; s portion of the net incomes? . The same chances exist for SME? s in the B2B sector. Dell are already runing a successful on line constellation where clients are planing their ain forces computing machines. 4.4 Hypermediation: Commerce as Clickstream Carr, a senior editor at Harvard Business Review, argues in an article entitled? Hypermediation: Commerce as clickstream? 2000, that electronic commercialism has greatly enlarged, non eliminated the jobber # 8217 ; s function in online concern a phenomenon he calls? Hypermediation. ? Those who stand to profit most from electronic commercialism, he says, will be the overplus of Internet mediators such as jobbers and retail merchants ; content suppliers ; developers of affiliate sites, hunt engines, and portals ; Internet service suppliers ; and package shapers. The emerging economic construction of e-commerce, he says, indicates that? net incomes lie in intermediate minutess, non in the concluding sale of a good. ? Carr refers to this as? net income for chinks? . Furthermore, he foresees the most net income fluxing to the proprietors of specialized content sites and the applied scientists who are progressing e-commerce engineerings. Chapter 5 Primary Research Objectives and Methodology 5.1 Introduction This chapter shall depict the intents of the research that was undertaken and detail the methods that were employed in the pursuit of these aims. The literature reappraisal has highlighted the impacts that B2B ecommerce is holding on the Irish SME and the manner they in which they conduct concern. The hereafter challenges and alterations for the SME have besides been reviewed. The reported work? B2B in SME? s: Positions and Future Challenges? seeks to analyze such alterations in an Irish context and measure the deductions of the Internet and related engineerings on the SME sector in Ireland. Specifically, the reported work will analyze managerial attitudes and sentiments towards B2B ecommerce and the challenges faced by such companies in the germinating Internet economic system. In order to finish such an scrutiny primary research will be conducted, analysed, reviewed and presented to exemplify the ways in which SME? s directors view B2B ecommerce. 5.2 Aims of Primary Research The aims of the research may be outlined as follows: 1. To look into the degrees of apprehension of B2B ecommerce issues in Irish SME? s 2. To detail the extent to which directors are familiar with the chances for take parting in B2B ecommerce 3. To analyze the cost of engagement for SME? s in B2B ecommerce 4. To look into the challenges for troughs of SME? s in take parting in farther ecommerce enterprises 5.3 Secondary and Primary Research The secondary research that was examined in the literature reappraisal was undertaken utilizing concern diaries, books, newspaper articles, the Internet, desk research and libraries. Ecommerce was introduced with a simple history and background. Followed by the chances and challenges faced by the SME director in the B2B ecommerce environment. Disruptive engineerings and reiterating forms in retailing, the challenges, hurdlings and benefits of e-commerce from the SME? s directors point of view were reviewed. Finally the new developing schemes and concern theoretical accounts available utilizing the Internet were discussed and the benefits they bring the B2B ecommerce environment. The primary research is to be conducted across a random choice of SME? s in the south E of Ireland. These SME? s were selected across a wide spectrum of industries and service suppliers runing from fabricating companies to linemans, from transport/logistic companies to retail stores. The list was derived partly from the Industrial Development Authority ( IDA ) and partly from the? Business and Shopping Guide? . This was done in order to acquire a wide cross subdivision of SME? s. 5.4 Methodology The information to be collected is quantitative, based on a questionnaire. This questionnaire contains 28 inquiries, which will be forwarded to 100 SME? s via electronic mail, station and from concern relationships. Upon reception of the questionnaire the receiver will be asked to return their completed questionnaire to the writer within a period of two hebdomads. Once the completed questionnaires have been completed, analysis of the information will take topographic point and the consequences will be presented, analysed and discussed. Due to rush of response electronic mail will be utilised to send on and return the questionnaire. However the writer appreciates that this may bias the findings of the research, so a lower limit of 25 per centum of questionnaires will non be sent via electronic mail or any other electronic medium. 5.4.1 Quantitative versus Qualitative Research Quantitative research designs strive to place and insulate specific variables within the context of the survey. It is a difficult scientific discipline with a narrow focal point and is concise, it? s logical thinking is deductive and logistic. Quantitative research involves nonsubjective measurings where the decrease to Numberss allows for the testing of the hypothesis and the derivation of statistical informations. In quantitative research there is cogency because of the chance to generalize. Quantitative information is collected under controlled conditions in order to govern out the possibility that variables other than the one under survey can account for the relationships identified Qualitative design focuses on a holistic position of what is being studied via paperss, instance histories, observations and interviews. Qualitative informations are collected within the context of their natural happening. Qualitative research involves the aggregation, analysis and reading of informations that are non easy reduced to Numberss. Quantitative research has been selected as the methodological analysis for primary research in the reported work because it should give a wide overview of the attitudes and sentiments of SME director? s and B2B ecommerce. Quantitative research is undertaken cognizing that it does hold disadvantages, such as, low response rates, response times, and possible misinformation due to miss of apprehension of the inquiries posed. 5.4.2 Questionnaire 1. How many Employees are at that place in the Company? 2. What is the specific industry/service supplier sector that your concern is involved in? E.g. Electronicss, contract cleansing, retail mercantile establishment. 3. Is there an Information Technology ( IT ) section within the Company? 4. How many Personal Computers ( Personal computer? s ) are at that place in the Company? 5. Make your company have entree to the Internet? 6. Make your company have entree to e-mailing installations? 7. Department of energies you company hold it? s ain Web site? 8. Is there an apprehension of Business to Business ( B2B ) ecommerce within the company? If so give a brief account of what you understand this to be. 9. Make your company use the Internet to do purchases? 10. Make your company use the Internet to do gross revenues? 11. Is your company committed to B2B ecommerce? 12. Make your company believe that B2B ecommerce it is merely another passing craze? Please rate your reply, strongly hold, unsure or strongly differ 13. If the company is already involved in B2B ecommerce is this portion of the company? s strategic program? 14. If so are at that place specific marks for the B2B ecommerce set? 15. If so are these marks monitored? 16. Is your company aware of the deductions of non being involved in B2B ecommerce? 17. What costs did your company experience in going involved in B2B ecommerce? 18. Make your company have to utilize external advisers when puting up your B2B ecommerce? 19. If yes, are these advisers still necessary for the right care of your IT and B2B ecommerce related systems? 20. Was developing and development necessary among your bing staff to derive entry into B2B ecommerce? 21. Has any extra preparation / retraining taken topographic point since get downing in B2B ecommerce? 22. Make your company hire forces specific to the B2B ecommerce map? 23. Make your company experience barriers in deriving entry to B2B ecommerce? Please item e.g. Security issues, velocity of response, bringing clip, methods of payment. 24. Make your company experience any troubles with bing concern relationships whilst following B2B ecommerce? 25. Have your company experienced any troubles since get downing B2B ecommerce? 26. Make your company utilize its engagement in ecommerce as a selling tool? 27. If yes how would you rate the following statement? The usage of B2B ecommerce promotes the company as a progressive forward believing concern? Please rate your reply, strongly hold, unsure or strongly differ 28. Make your company believe that there is no hereafter for companies who are non involved in B2B ecommerce? Please rate your reply, strongly hold, unsure or strongly disagree. Mentions Kafta S J. 2000: ? eMarketplaces Boost B2B Trade? The Forrester Report February 2000 Christensen CM. and Bower JL. 1995: ? Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave? Harvard Business Review January? February 1995 Evans P. and Wurster TS. 2000: ? Geting Real About Virtual Commerce? Harvard Business Review November? December 1999 Product No.4525 Christensen CM. and Tedlow RS. 2000: ? Forms of Disruption in Retailing? Harvard Business Review January? February 2000. Product No. 4681 Treese GW and Stewart LC 1998: ? Planing Systems for Internet Commerce? Addison Wesley Longman Inc. 1998. Kalakota R and AB. Whinston 1997: ? Electronic Commerce-A Manager # 8217 ; s Guide. ? Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 1997. Boudreau MC and Loch KD, Robey D et al.1998: ? Traveling planetary: Using information engineering to progress the fight of the practical multinational administration? . Associated Press, 1998 Eloranta E. 1999: ? A Literature Survey About Current Issues in B2B E-commerce? Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Helsinki University of Technology 1999. Huttunen M. 2000: ? The Role of Business-to-Business e-Business in Demand-Supply Chain Management. ? A Seminar Work, March 6, 2000, Helsinki University of Technology. World Wide Web. Shelron.com? E-commerce: A Brief History? . 2000 Kearney AT 1999: Digital Pioneers # 8211 ; A White Paper on the Practical Applications of Electronic Commerce: ? Separating Ballyhoo from Reality. ? Henriott LL 1999: ? Transforming Supply Chains into eChains? , Supply Chain Management Review Global Supplement, Spring 1999. Engardio P 1998: ? Souping up the Supply Chain: Today # 8217 ; s supercontractors are turning makers into theoretical accounts of efficiency? . Business Week, New York, Aug 31 Slywotzky AJ 2000: ? The Age of the Choiceboard, ? Harvard Business Review January # 8211 ; February 2000 Prahalad R 2000: ? Co-opting client competence? . Harvard Business Review January? February 2000 Lancioni RA, Smith MF and Oliva TA 2000: ? The Role of the Internet in Supply Chain Management? . Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 29, Jan 2000, New York, January 2000 McGuinness J 1999: ? The Impact of Ecommerce on Small and Medium Sized Enterprises? Report prepared by Deputy John McGuinness on behalf of the Joint Committee on Enterprise and Small Business May 1999 Anon 2000: ? Business to Business Electronic Commerce. Market Landscapes and Solutions? 3 Com Technical paper 2000 Lee HL and Whang S 1999: ? Sharing Information to Hike the Bottom Line. ? www-gsb.stanford.edu/research/reports/1999/whang_lee.html Prahalad R and Ramasvamy N 2000: ? Co-opting client competency. ? Harvard Business Review January # 8211 ; February 2000 Wilson T 1999: ? Transportation/Logistics: Shippers Deliver the Logistics Goods # 8211 ; transit service suppliers revamp traditional concern theoretical accounts to streamline client? s supply chain. ? Internetweek, Manhasset, October 1999 Anon 2000: ? Business to Business Electronic Commerce. Market Landscapes and Solutions? 3 Com Technical paper 2000 JB Speer Jr.2000: ? Requirements in E-Commerce Testing? Microsoft Enterprise Services White Paper E-Commerce Technical Readiness 2000 Werbach K. ? Syndication: The Emerging Model for Business in the Internet Era. ? Harvard Business Review May? June 2000. Product No. 4703 Kaplan S and Sawhney M. ? E-Hubs: The New B2B Marketplaces? Harvard Business Review May? June 2000. Product No. 469X Carr N.G. ? Hypermediation: Commerce as Clickstream? Harvard Business Review January? February 2000. Product No. 4681 Bibliography Mentions Kafta S J. 2000: ? eMarketplaces Boost B2B Trade? The Forrester Report February 2000 Christensen CM. and Bower JL. 1995: ? Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave? Harvard Business Review January? February 1995 Evans P. and Wurster TS. 2000: ? Geting Real About Virtual Commerce? Harvard Business Review November? December 1999 Product No.4525 Christensen CM. and Tedlow RS. 2000: ? Forms of Disruption in Retailing? Harvard Business Review January? February 2000. Product No. 4681 Treese GW and Stewart LC 1998: ? Planing Systems for Internet Commerce? Addison Wesley Longman Inc. 1998. Kalakota R and AB. Whinston 1997: ? Electronic Commerce-A Manager # 8217 ; s Guide. ? Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 1997. Boudreau MC and Loch KD, Robey D et al.1998: ? Traveling planetary: Using information engineering to progress the fight of the practical multinational administration? . Associated Press, 1998 Eloranta E. 1999: ? A Literature Survey About Current Issues in B2B E-commerce? Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Helsinki University of Technology 1999. Huttunen M. 2000: ? The Role of Business-to-Business e-Business in Demand-Supply Chain Management. ? A Seminar Work, March 6, 2000, Helsinki University of Technology. World Wide Web. Shelron.com? E-commerce: A Brief History? . 2000 Kearney AT 1999: Digital Pioneers # 8211 ; A White Paper on the Practical Applications of Electronic Commerce: ? Separating Ballyhoo from Reality. ? Henriott LL 1999: ? Transforming Supply Chains into eChains? , Supply Chain Management Review Global Supplement, Spring 1999. Engardio P 1998: ? Souping up the Supply Chain: Today # 8217 ; s supercontractors are turning makers into theoretical accounts of efficiency? . Business Week, New York, Aug 31 Slywotzky AJ 2000: ? The Age of the Choiceboard, ? Harvard Business Review January # 8211 ; February 2000 Prahalad R 2000: ? Co-opting client competence? . Harvard Business Review January? February 2000 Lancioni RA, Smith MF and Oliva TA 2000: ? The Role of the Internet in Supply Chain Management? . Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 29, Jan 2000, New York, January 2000 McGuinness J 1999: ? The Impact of Ecommerce on Small and Medium Sized Enterprises? Report prepared by Deputy John McGuinness on behalf of the Joint Committee on Enterprise and Small Business May 1999 Anon 2000: ? Business to Business Electronic Commerce. Market Landscapes and Solutions? 3 Com Technical paper 2000 Lee HL and Whang S 1999: ? Sharing Information to Hike the Bottom Line. ? www-gsb.stanford.edu/research/reports/1999/whang_lee.html Prahalad R and Ramasvamy N 2000: ? Co-opting client competency. ? Harvard Business Review January # 8211 ; February 2000 Wilson T 1999: ? Transportation/Logistics: Shippers Deliver the Logistics Goods # 8211 ; transit service suppliers revamp traditional concern theoretical accounts to streamline client? s supply chain. ? Internetweek, Manhasset, October 1999 Anon 2000: ? Business to Business Electronic Commerce. Market Landscapes and Solutions? 3 Com Technical paper 2000 JB Speer Jr.2000: ? Requirements in E-Commerce Testing? Microsoft Enterprise Services White Paper E-Commerce Technical Readiness 2000 Werbach K. ? Syndication: The Emerging Model for Business in the Internet Era. ? Harvard Business Review May? June 2000. Product No. 4703 Kaplan S and Sawhney M. ? E-Hubs: The New B2B Marketplaces? Harvard Business Review May? June 2000. Product No. 469X Carr N.G. ? Hypermediation: Commerce as Clickstream? Harvard Business Review January? February 2000. Product No. 4681

Pontiacs Rebellion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Pontiacs Rebellion - Research Paper Example The United States as we know of it today went through many phases of colonization and some brutal wars since; a Spanish voyager who was exploring new trade routes first discovered it. The indigenous people of the American lands had for long shielded their World from the colonizing European Powers. Little is known about the history of North America before. History records that the Native Americans came to the North American region 10,000 years before it became America. They crossed over from Asia by land, which would have been the Bering Straits. They developed into individual nations who are believed to have spoken over 1000 languages. People within a group or nation however spoke the same language. The Native Americans were very spiritual people who did not believe people should rule or take over any land. They believed that all that God or the spirits had bestowed upon them belonged equally to everyone. These beliefs probably were the main influences of John Locke’s politica l theories in the first and second Treatises of Government. The history of the Native Americans is filled with their struggle to hold on to these lands that they believed were given to them by a higher power. These indigenous people spread their roots over many different parts of North America and made use of what the land, water and life provided for them. It is recorded that there were almost 15 to 20 million. Native Americans already living in the land when Columbus sailed to the North American shores in 1492.... By the 19th century there were more Europeans in the America’s who had migrated from their respective countries. The French tried to colonize North America and part of Canadian Quebec but the other European powers proved too much for them and eventually invaded parts of Louisiana and the Appalachian region and shared the Caribbean islands and some of Dominica with the British and the Dutch. Conflict started when the British tried to usurp the island of St Martin and thus started the seven years war between the French an the British between the years 1756 to 1763, which was a war fought between all the major European powers. These wars also resulted in many treaties that changed the face of history. The notable among those is the treaty signed between the French and the British in 1763 called the treaty of Paris. This treaty was signed between the French and British along with the Spanish and in the presence of Portugal. By the signing of this treaty, most of the disputed terri tories were returned back to their original invaders with the British taking over a good part of North America. France lost its control over the Dominic islands and most of the Caribbean islands. The treaty of Paris also coincided with the French-Indian war over possession of French Louisiana. The French and Indian War, also known as the Seven Years War, began in 1754. The cause of the war was a race for possession of the same territory, the trans-Appalachian region. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris, France ceded almost all of its territory in mainland North America, but retained fishing rights off Newfoundland and  Saint Pierre and Miquelon, two small islands where it could dry that fish. In turn, France gained the return of its sugar colony,

The Lex Mercatoria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Lex Mercatoria - Essay Example In Europe Lex Mercatoria contained procedures and traditions which were familiar to the merchants and dealers. The contemporary Lex Mercatoria discovers its potency in the national rule, as stated by Thomas Charbonneau (1998): "It is not surprising that the strongest advocates of the new law merchant are from civil law jurisdictions where general legal principles constitute the primary source of law and specialized courts have long handled commercial disputes at an intermediary level of the legal system. Nor is it astonishing that the most virulent critics of Lex Mercatoria and delocalization are steeped in the common law tradition of narrow rules and holdings, where decisional law is the foremost source of law and courts are its oracles." (pg37) Regarding the Lex Mercatoria there is some difficulty to understand as to what Lex Mercatoria contents are, but it is certainly described as the rule managed among the dealers and the foreign officers, part of it being authentic rule and the rest of it being the substantiation and the course of actions. The Lex Mercatoria is described as the set of laws; generally lots of definitions are related to the Lex Mercatoria and the national law. Dissimilarity between Law Mercatoria and national law might be made on the basis of a self-governing and an authoritativeness concept. The self governing concept examines that the Lex Mercatoria has an independent nature, which is autonomous from several methods of regulation. Goldman B (1986) defined Lex Mercatoria as "A set of general principles, and customary rules spontaneously referred to or elaborated in the framework of international trade, without reference to a particular national system of law."(pg116) The advocates of the Lex Mercatoria do not entirely have the same opinion regarding the source from where the Lex Mercatoria is taken, or concerning the comparative significance of the sources is observed as something which is acceptable. There is an extensive gap linking the sources for instance average figure indenture and the characteristics of commercial regulation. Mostly the people regard Lex Mercatoria as content because it is described as a law among the merchants and their dealers. The Lex Mercatoria is regarded as a list of rules rather than a method. There are various rules related to the Lex Mercatoria which makes it an autonomous system of laws. The set of laws are articulated more distinctively; in any case they cannot be originated from any universal simplification of nationwide laws. Critical analysis of Lex Mercatoria: The UNIDOT principle of Lex Mercatoria describes the means to create universal set of laws of global profitable agreement. The UNIDROIT principle gives the foremost sign that there is a physically powerful inter link among the UNIDROIT principle and the Lex Mercatoria. The UNIDROITS's duty of conquering the inadequacy of local rules for the declaration of the global dealing and trade by making a latest Lex Mercatoria was highlighted in the report of the UNIDROIT. The fundamental objective of this plan was to expand a compilation of rule and set of laws comprising of the Lex Mercatoria. Berger defined the Lex Mercatoria is relation to the UNIDROIT principles as: "An internationally useful method of construction inspired

Tort Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Tort Law - Essay Example This essay focusess on describing the tort laws, that today can mainly be divided into three huge parts including negligence torts, strict liability torts and intentional torts. The researcher explores the intentional torts in the essay that are offences that are committed by an individual who intends to harm as he commits the act knowing that injury would be the result of his or her act such as an assault. On the other hand, negligence is a type of tort that results unexpectedly. The action is normally not intended to harm while the actor does not know the result of the act. The researcher states that in the negligence act, the action leading to injury is not intended unlike the intentional tort. For example, the trespass of land and negligence are different from nuisance case. For instance, the researcher mentiones that in the nuisance cases actions deal with repetitive injuries while the trespass and negligence actions offer relief even if the injury resulted from one event. In th e second part of the essay, the researcher discusses various compensatory law issues and vicarious liability. There are various goals of compensatory damages that were decribed by the researcher. The main goal of compensatory damages is compensate the personal injury and property damages, that were caused and proved. Vicarious liability mainly is another issue covered in the essay, the issue arises in regard to specific relationships between the defendant and another in the part of defendant to the other party.

Equality, Diversity and Difference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Equality, Diversity and Difference - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims that, â€Å"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.† However, as this definition does not relate to any law, various nations across the globe have put a legal standpoint to the definition of equality. ‘Equality’ (or ‘equal’) signifies correspondence between a group of different objects, persons, processes or circumstances that have the same qualities in at least one respect, but not all respects, i.e., regarding one specific feature, with differences in other features. Therefore, striving to achieve equality is generally defined as â€Å"the incorporation of Equal Opportunities issues into all actions, programmes, and policies from the outset†. As equality has been a cause of global concern, the new age government keep this aspect in mind each time when they consider a new policy or a law. When we look back historically, we know that human beings have always had the tendency to dominate over the weak. This resulted in the creation of a social structure where some sections became the privileged and other sections were considered less-equality. This craving for power and dominance started contributing to a society where inequality started existing. For example, areas of residences of various groups were demarcated. The affluent and dominating section of the society tried to ensure that the laymen do not live near to their places of residence To clarify further, we can also define equality in terms of non-discrimination. Equality means the absence of discrimination, and upholding the principle of non-discrimination between groups will produce equality. Therefore, discrimination can be defined as any act that denies equality that an individual or a group wishes for. It is widely accepted that equality and non-discrimination are positive and negative statements of the same principle.

Business concepts 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business concepts 2 - Coursework Example The first role is the provision of technological supervision in the corporation, which does not only entail the supervision of the other IT specialists but also the information systems and the communications networks. The CIO also oversees the development and execution of an excellent customer service platform relative to the organization’s practices. He/she also liaises with management teams and organizational leaders on any IT-related alterations, advances or probable approaches to enhance communication. Additionally, still under communication, the CIO maintains the corporate network infrastructure for utter connectivity and remote access. Other roles of the CIO entail participation in vendor contract negotiations, assessing and anticipating technology projects, and establishing and directing strategic and tactical objectives, initiatives and practices in the IT department. Finally, the top-level management also requires the CIO to flourish in the identification of user need s and resolution of problems. The core roles of the Information Department, relative to the name, entail dealing with most, if not all, of the organization’s information. The first significant role entails planning, where members in the department work with the Chief Information Officer in developing an IT approach supporting the corporate culture and objectives (Linton, 2015). The planning role of the department helps in building a resilient advantage over the rest of the competitors, which they achieve through customization of software and computer systems significant in meeting needs of other organization’s departments. Networking is also among the roles of the department as it is the backbone of efficient communication and collaboration between departments. The IT departments operations mostly relate to the organization networks and ways of making it more efficient. As modules of the network system, the IT department, through the different teams, engages in

Learnig styles and Personality types Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learnig styles and Personality types - Essay Example Howard Gardner (1983), in his theory of multiple intelligences, proposed that learning, for every individual, is a distinctive combination of intelligences, resulting from one's distinctive abilities, challenges, experiences, and training (Stremba & Bisson, 2009). Individuals possess distinctive learning styles depending on their process of focusing, processing, assimilating and reproducing content. Effectiveness of learning is mostly influenced by the mode of communication which connects the learner with the learning, through words, pictures, thoughts, feelings (verbal, visual, nonverbal, kinesthetic), sounds, numbers etc (Ryan & Cooper 2008). The visual learners have a tendency to relate their learning to observed events, objects, situations thereby forming impressions that help them retrieve information when they visualize these events or objects. Auditory learners tend to grasp information presented to them in some form of sound, like lecture, recording, music, discussion etc. this is characteristic of a classroom teaching, learning through audio-visual aids in training sessions, or in group discussions. Kinesthetic learners are more inclined to learning through experimentation, touching, and feeling. These learners tend to learn more when they move around, act out concepts while reading and by touching or feeling structures such as historical monuments. Effective learning can be ensured by adopting specific strategies that can match these learning styles, and help in better understanding, remembering, relating to facts and better reproducibility. For this, assessment of personality type is also important. Myers-Briggs model identifies four types of personalities based on specific traits possessed by people; they are thinker, organizer, giver and adventurer (Carter, Bishop & Kravits 2007). Keeping in mind these personality types and the aforementioned learning styles, different strategies can be developed that will aid in effective communication and collaboration among different people within a group. For instance, organizers with visual learning style can use colorful flashcards to emphasize on main learning points, use visual aids, pictures, graphics, maps etc. Thinkers with visual learning can make use of innovative designs, puzzles, and specific problem solving methods. Givers with auditory learning style can ensure better learning by teaching others, conducting group discussions, and enacting plays. Enacting plays can also help the visual learners. Organizing group activities using physical resources skillfully and games involving different people can be used for kinesthetic learners. This will also help the thinkers as it will give them an opportunity to problem solving with different approaches. Conducting lab experiments or practical study, in case of arts, along with lectures will benefit people with all the three learning styles. This process will also make use of different characteristics of organizers, givers, and thinkers in bringing about

Strategy and change management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategy and change management - Essay Example Therefore, several leading airlines have decided to merge with each other in order to reduce several business threats. Delta Airlines, Inc. and Northwest Airline Corp. in 2008 have proclaimed that they are going to merge with each other in order to create world’s largest airline named Delta. . Due to merger, the flexibility to acclimatize to the economic challenges of Delta has increased. After the merger, Northwest Airline is the completely owned subsidiary of Delta. According to the market characteristic theory of low-cost airlines, it is feasible that low-cost airlines usually compete in such a market where the traveller density is high enough to develop the competitive advantages by offering rapid-return and time to time services. Lower fares usually results from the economies of traffic density. This type of economies of scale is one of the key features in the airline network model. Such strategic actions also bring certain non-price benefits also. Current trends towards the product differentiation seem to be one of the elements of competition. Due to such strategic actions the airline companies have increased incentive to correspond and improve customer service quality. Due to the economic down turn the company along with the whole airlines companies in Europe and America went through a tough phase. The competition has been intense regarding fares, services and routes. Also the company indulged in to a legal battle with the union airlines. A problem faced by the company has been the over dependence on the North-American market Merger and acquisition in airline industry is one of the interesting topics within the industry. The airline industry has experienced high disorder due to high operational cost and increasing price of petrol (Hackbarth and Miao, 2007, p.33). The study will reveal the effect of merger on the business performance of two leading airlines